Corso di Laurea in Infermieristica - Azienda Sanitaria Locale "Città di Torino"

To provide basic knowledge of Physics and Physiology principles to understand the functioning of the major systems in the human body, and the use of biomedical instruments, with special attention to applications of interest for the degree course.

To provide theoretical and regulatory knowledge about radiation protection.

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING

By the end of the course the student will be able to show knowledge and comprehension skills in the following areas:

• Biomedical Sciences, for the comprehension of physiological and pathological processes related to health and disease conditions of people of different ages.

APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING

By the end of the course the student will be able to apply their knowledge and comprehension skills in the following settings:

• integrating knowledge skills and caring skills to provide safe, effective and evidence-based nursing care;
• applying the theoretical knowledge from nursing, biological behavioral and social sciences and other disciplines to recognize the needs of people assisted at different ages and development stages;
• using evaluation techniques to accurately collect data about the main health problems of the assisted person;
• analyzing and accurately interpreting the data collected by checking the assisted person.

• Single-group class lectures to introduce the topic
• Practical tutorials for a single person and for small groups

The score is out thirty.

The final score is the average of the three modules.

FISIOLOGY

Written test (required, 1 H):

1. First test: 20 multiple choice questions (1 points);
2. Second test: 2 open questions (5 points each).

The final score is the sum of the two tests. The student with a score at the First test above 12 will be admitted to the second test.

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APPLIED PHYSICS

The exam takes place in presence, and it is divided in oral and written test.

The written test shall include: numeric problems, multiple choice questions, open questions, true and false questions. Passing the written test, the candidate will be able to take the oral test.

Written test (1 H)

-       2 mathematical excercises (4/5 points). They are mandatory for the students to answer correctly to pass the examination.

-       2 physics exercises chosen among three options (10/12 points)

-       essay (6/8 points)

-       3 true and false questions (6 points)

-       Units of measurement (2 points)

Minimum score to pass the examination: 18/30.

Oral test

The questions, that the students will be called to answer, is made to verify the comprehension of the topics.

It is important that the candidates will cover the topics using an appropriate terminology during the oral exposure.

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RADIATION PROTECTION

Written exam of 30 min with 32 multiple-choice questions (max 32 marks).

Oral exam (optional) to supplement the written exam.

The module is passed if the overall mark reaches at least 18/30, honors are obtained if the mark of 30/30 is exceeded.

APPLIED PHYSICS

• Mathematics basics; physical quantities and units.
• Biomechanics and elasticity.
• Basics about point-particle kinematics. The principles of dynamics and examples of forces.
• Barycenter of a body. Momentum of a force and equilibrium conditions for a rigid body. Levers and examples of human-body articulations. Work and energy. Kinetic and potential energy of a body. Hooke's law; elasticity of bones and blood vessels.
• Electric phenomena and physiology of excitable cells.
• Electric potential energy and electric potential difference. Electric capacity and capacitors; example of the cell membrane. Ohm's law.

PHYSIOLOGY

• GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PHYSIOLOGY
• Feedback
• Cell membrane and ionic channels
• As
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Organization
• Membrane potential
• Action potential and its propagation
• Synapse
• PERIPHERAL NEUVOUS SYSTEM
• Organization
• Autonomous nervous system
• ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Organization
• Secretion regulation and function of the main hormones.
• SENSORY SYSTEMS
• Vision
• Auditory System
• Somatosensory System
• MOTOR SYSTEM
• Organization
• Muscular contraction, motor units and motor units recruitment
• Sxcitation-contraction coupling
• CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Organization
• Heart, conduction system
• ECG, heart cycle
• Blood pressure measurement
• BREATHING SYSTEM
• Gases
• Mechanics of breathing: lung volumes, alveolar and intrapleural pressure in the breathing cycle
• Diffusion and trasport of gases in blood, hemoglobin role and its dissociation curve
• RENAL FUNCTION
• Glomerular filtration, net filtration pressure and its self-regulation. Absorption and secretion mechanisms. Renal plasma clearance.
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Digestion and absorption of lipids, proteins and glucides.

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING AND RADIATION PROTECTION

Radiation protection

1. Fundamentals of Radiation
- Electromagnetic and particle radiation
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Ionizing and nonionizing radiation
- Radioactive sources and radiogenic machines
2. Dosimetry
- Dosimetric quantities: absorbed dose, equivalent dose and effective dose
3. Radiobiological Damage
- Stages of radiobiological damage at the cellular level
- Stochastic and deterministic damage
- Damage to the fetus
4. Principles of Radiation Protection
- General principles of radiation protection
- Legislative Decree 101/2020: main aspects
- Dose limits
- Classification of environments and workers
5. Protective Devices
- Environmental and individual protective devices
- Operator and patient radiation protection in fluoroscopy
- Radiation protection in nuclear medicine
- Radiation protection for pregnancy and lactation
6. Non-Ionizing Radiation
- Non-ionizing radiation sources.
- Lasers: principles of operation, medical applications, interaction with organic tissues, damage and precautions
- Magnetic resonance imaging: principles of operation, sources of risk, quench management

Nuclear Medicine

1. Basic Concepts
- Introduction to nuclear medicine
- Differences between radiological and medical-nuclear imaging
2. Radionuclides and Radiopharmaceuticals
- Concept of radionuclide and radiopharmaceutical
3. Clinical Equipment and Applications.
- Principles of operation of equipment used
- Main clinical indications and fields of application

Radiodiagnostics

1. Introduction to Radiodiagnostics
- History of radiology
- Definitions and fundamental concepts
2. Traditional Radiology
- Basic physical principles
- Equipment and technology used
- Image formation and visualization processes
- Specific terminology
- Clinical applications
3. Ultrasound
- Physical fundamentals of ultrasonography
- Technologies and equipment used
- Formation and visualization of ultrasound images
- Technical terminology
- Clinical uses of ultrasonography
4. Computed tomography (CT)
- Physical basis of CT
- Technology and equipment used
- Process of CT image formation and visualization
- Specific terminology
- Clinical uses of CT
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Physical principles of magnetic resonance imaging
- MRI equipment and technology
- MRI image formation and visualization
- Specific terminology
- Clinical applications of magnetic resonance imaging